Participles
| English | Part of Speech | IPA | Lugso | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTCP.NEG | VB suffix | zjʌ | zyo | x sing-PTCP.NEG -> the x not sung |
| PTCP.PAST.ACT | VB suffix | βjʌ | byo | x sing-PTCP.PAST.ACT -> the x that sung |
| PTCP.PAST.PASS | VB suffix | ðjʌ | dyo | x sing-PTCP.PAST.PASS -> the x that was sung |
| hunger | VB | χuʃ | hu5 | also “love”, “want to” |
Participles are like adjectives. A participle derives from a verb to create a description of a noun.
verb-byo: “the … that verbed”
This participle indicates that the subject actively peformed the action.
hot’t fupzuv3 tluli lobyo
dig earth-PROL deity_bestial speak-PTCP.PAST.ACT
The animal-god, who spoke, digs through earth.
verb-dyo: “the … that was verbed”
This participle indicates that some action was performed to the subject.
opy 3gur fu hot’tdyo
decompose begin earth dig-PTCP.PAST.PASS
The earth that was dug begins to decompose.
verb-zyo: “the … that has not verbed” or “the unverbed …”
This participle indicates that some action has not been performed by the subject. As a participle that English lacks, it may take some getting used to. It is approximately equal in meaning to dyozi PTCP.PAST.PASS-NEG, and that is how it is usually translated.
yols hi fhtogizyo
child small sleep-PTCP.NEG
The small child who has not slept (lit. “the unslept child”)
do’u fhtogigi hu5zyo
2SG-VOC sleep-IMP love-PTCP.NEG
You! Die unloved.