Relative Clauses, Conjunctions
| English | Part of speech | IPA | Lugso | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONJ.and | VB suffix | uβ | ub | and’ for verbs |
| CONJ.but | VB suffix | iʃ | i5 | |
| CONJ.N | N suffix | ið | id | and’ for nouns: noun AND noun did xyz (also called ‘enclitic’) |
| REL | VB suffix | ʌɻ | or | introduces relative clause |
| FUT | VB suffix | θu | tu | |
| GEN | N suffix | sʌ | so | genitive case - of N, from N, N’s (not possession - contrast POSS) |
| knowledge | N | jʌɣ | yog | |
| penetrate | VB | vun | vun | |
| space | N | χɸiʃ | hpi5 | |
| star | N | ɮiχ | lih | |
| child | N | jʌɮs | yols | |
| planet | N | yols-lih | child of star | |
| moon | N | yols-yols-lih | child of child of star |
Relative Clauses
“the X that Yed / the A that B Ced”
tlupol nofor no
beast-follower possess-REL 1SG
the dog that I own…
In English, “that” does many things, and one of those things is introduce relative clauses. A relative clause describes some noun in greater detail.
the house that had ten mice in each room: “had ten mice…” modifies house.
In Lugso, the relative-clause-introducer is another verb suffix. It follows any other suffixes on the verb, for example, future tense:
hpi5d yogso vuntu’or no
space-PL knowledge-GEN penetrate-FUT-REL 1SG
the spaces of knowledge that I will penetrate…
dlilgi sru3ir u3or vgovzi oxo
apprehend-IMP truth-ACC sense-REL can-NEG eye
Behold the truth that no eye can perceive!
Conjunctions
Joining sentences
“A, but B”; “C, and D, and E”
Lugso uses commas in the same way as English. Note that A, B, C, D, and E are complete sentences.
3o3 oldri5 lni’ub 5xidpzuv3 yols-yols-lihd oldri5
night beautiful revolve-CONJ.and sky-PL-PROL child--child--star-PL beautiful
Strange is the night, and strange moons circle through the skies.
Remember that the copula (“to be”) is implicit, so the clause “, but Y is Z” is introduced by only i5:
huf-yu zod lusot gu5lidso i5 hi lodi toht noso
learn dream system-thought god-PL-GEN CONJ.but small feeble mind 1SG-GEN
I wish to learn the language of gods, but my mind is small and feeble.
Notice also that “my mind IS feeble” (hi lodi toht noso) is written small feeble mind 1SG-GEN, whereas “my small, feeble mind” (which is not a complete sentence) is formed toht hi lodi noso mind small feeble 1SG-GEN.
gogi loxir u3zi’or gu5lid
go-IMP place-ACC sense-NEG-REL god-PL
Go to the place the gods look not.
fhtognzi ivol rxi’or vgov supuv fhtogi’ub vgov itdzxi oldri5 fhtog yiy
dead-NEG DET.DIST abide-REL can eternity-ADV.DER sleep-CONJ.and can aeon-PL-TEMP strange death EMPH
That is not dead which can eternal lie, and with strange aeons even death may die.
Joining nouns
tlud nogu blolgdid noso
beast-PL 1SG-POSS tentacle-PL-CONJ.N 1SG-GEN
my beasts and my tentacles
if3i bul-gu5li’ir yogo-sru3-zob gu5li’id gu5ixzonid
organize pact-ACC cultist deity_intelligent-CONJ.N uninitiate-CONJ.N
The cultist, the god, and the unititiate drew up a pact.